A review of near-surface QS estimation methods using active and passive sources

Abstract Seismic attenuation and the associated quality factor ( Q ) have long been studied in various sub-disciplines of seismology, ranging from observational engineering seismology to near-surface geophysics soil/rock dynamics with particular emphasis on geotechnical earthquake seismology. Within broader framework seismic site characterization, experimental techniques adopted over years measure shear-wave S ). Common methods include active- passive-source recording performed at free surface soil deposits within boreholes, as well laboratory tests. This paper intends provide an in-depth review what is and, particular, how estimated current practice. After motivating importance this parameter we proceed by recalling theoretical definitions its measurement through tests, considering deformation modes, most notably P . We next a literature estimation that use data borehole sensor recordings. distinguish between approaches, along their pros cons, state-of-the-practice state-of-the-art. Finally, summarize phenomena high-frequency (kappa) relation , other lesser-known parameters.